Ethno-anthropological Documentation about the Baṭāḥira tribe of Oman

The Modern South Arabian Languages

Modern South Arabian Languages (MSAL) are an endangered group of unwritten languages currently spoken in Eastern Yemen and Soqotra, Western Oman and in the southernmost part of Saudi Arabia. The MSAL belong to the West Semitic group. There are six MSAL: Mehri, Hobyot, Ḥarsusi, Baṭḥari, Jibbali (also known as Śḥɛrɛ̄t) and Soḳoṭri (Sq).

Semitic tree-model (based on Rubin and Huehnergard 2011: 263

Figure 1. Semitic tree-model (based on Rubin and Huehnergard 2011:263)

MSAL-speaking area)

Figure 2. MSAL-speaking area

The area inhabited by the Baṭaḥira

Figure 3. The area inhabited by the Baṭāḥira (Sharbithat is indicated by a red circle)

The Baṭāḥira

Nowadays the Baṭāḥira are settled on the coastal area of the extreme East of Dhofar, near the border with the al-Wusṭā governorate. Members of the tribe are scattered from the village of Liqbi until Sawqara, the most of them living between Shwaymiya and Sharbithat.

A small part of the tribe moved in past times to the urban area of Salalah, where they still live. They have completely replaced their daily language with Jibbāli and Arabic.

Reports from some of the members of the tribe (but it should be noted that the Baṭāḥira living in Salalah are particularly insisting on this point) say that their tribal territory once would reach the two homonymous wādī ġadān which can be found approx. 30 km to the West of Ṯamrīt and 10 km East of Sawqara respectively, stretching South near the mountains that divide Salalah from the desert inland. Migrations and invasions by the Janayba from the North-East and from the Mahra coming from Yemen reportedly pushed the Baṭāḥira towards the area which they inhabit nowadays. Because of these invasions, they lost the control of their land and became subject to the conquerors. The Baṭāḥira were at the lowest scale of the tribal power relationships in the area, to the point that they could not carry weapons (being labelled as ḍaʕīf , “weak”) and marry women from outside the tribe.

The area traditionally inhabited by the Baṭāḥira is characterised by a severely dry weather, left untouched by the xarīf season (that of tropical monsoons, between June and August) which, on the contrary, makes the plain of Salalah prosperous and fertile.

The desert and desolate landscapes of the area did not offer much to live from: paucity of natural springs, vegetation and wild animals to hunt for made traditional life very harsh, according to what the oldest members of the tribe (which are also the last speakers of Baṭḥari) recall.

The diet was composed almost exclusively of fish and turtles, which the ocean is rich in, camel and goat milk and occasionally rice and dates, depending on the time of the year.

Water was fetched by women from various springs along the coast, often located miles away from their areas of settlement. Conducting a semi-nomadic way of life, the Baṭāḥira would be either cave-dwellers or build small stonehouses, still recognizable especially around Sawqara. Daily activities were carried out almost exclusively during daylight, as leaving the camp during night time was extremely dangerous and done only in case of emergency: evidence for the vital importance of performing specific tasks in certain moments of the day can be found in the semantic link between verbs of movement and time of the day in which the action is performed.

These harsh life conditions, made worse by chronic starvation and diseases, eventually came to an end with the advent of Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, who rose to power after overthrowing his father, Said bin Taimur, in a palace coup in 1970 and transformed the newborn unified nation from a poor, underdeveloped country to a modern state, essentially putting an end to traditional, tribal life. The Baṭāḥira completely gave up their nomadic lifestyle and live a quiet and relatively healthy life in regular houses with all the standard comforts of contemporary world. The whole tribe soon switched to Arabic (and other MSAL) and at the present time less than 15 Baṭḥari native speakers exist.