LFSAG - Laboratorio di Fonetica Sperimentale 'Arturo Genre'

IPA Chart

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Consonants

plosives/stops	voiceless bilabial plosive [p] -- Examples: It. palla voiced bilabial plosive [b] -- Examples: It. barba		voiceless dental plosive [t̪] voiced dental plosive [d̪]	voiceless alveolar plosive [t] -- Examples: It. tana voiced alveolar plosive [d] -- Examples: It. dono	voiceless postalveolar plosive [t̠] voiced postalveolar plosive [d̠]	voiceless retroflex plosive [ʈ] -- Examples: Swed. karta voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ] -- Examples: Swed. nord	voiceless palatal plosive [c] -- Examples: Ungh. tyúk voiced palatal plosive [ɟ] -- Examples: Ungh. gyám	voiceless velar plosive [k] -- Examples: It. casa voiced velar plosive [g] -- Examples: It. gas	voiceless uvular plosive [q] -- Examples: Ar. Qur'an' voiced uvular plosive [ɢ] -- Examples: Somalian Muqdisho		voiceless glottal plosive [ʔ] -- Examples: Germ. Beachtung
	bilabials	labio-dentals	dentals	alveolars	postalveolars	retroflexes	palatals	velars	uvulars	pharyngeals	glottals
nasals	devoiced bilabial nasal [m̥] -- Examples: Icel. kempa voiced bilabial nasal [m] -- Examples: It. mamma, Eng. mum	devoiced labiodental nasal [ɱ̊] voiced labiodental nasal [ɱ] -- Examples: It. anfora		devoiced alveolar nasal [n̥] -- Examples: Icel. hnífur voiced alveolar nasal [n] -- Examples: It. nano, Eng. nun		devoiced retroflex nasal [ɳ̊] voiced retroflex nasal [ɳ] -- Examples: Swed. Vänern	devoiced palatal nasal [ɲ̊] -- Examples: Icel. banki voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] -- Examples: It. gnomo	devoiced velar nasal [ŋ̊] -- Examples: Icel. banka voiced velar nasal [ŋ] -- Examples: Eng. sing	devoiced uvular nasal [ɴ̥ ] voiced uvular nasal [ɴ] -- Examples: Jap. nihon
trills	devoiced bilabial trill [ʙ̥ ] voiced bilabial trill [ʙ]			devoiced alveolar trill [r̥] -- Examples: Icel. hraun voiced alveolar trill [r] -- Examples: It. rosso					devoiced uvular trill [ʀ̥ ] voiced uvular trill [ʀ] -- Examples: Fr. rouge
taps/flaps				voiced alveolar tap [ɾ] -- Examples: Am. Eng. splatter		voiced retroflex tap [ɽ]
affricates	voiceless bilabial affricate [p͡ɸ] voiced bilabial affricate [b͡β]	voiceless labiodental affricate [p͡f] voiced labiodental affricate [b͡v]	voiceless dental affricate [t̪͡θ] voiced dental affricate [d̪͡ð]	voiceless alveolar affricate [t͡s] -- Examples: It. pazzo voiced alveolar affricate [d͡z] -- Examples: It. mezzo	voiceless postalveolar affricate [t̠͡ʃ] -- Examples: It. marcio, Eng. chocolate voiced postalveolar affricate [d̠͡ʒ] -- Examples: It. getto, Eng. jump	voiceless retroflex affricate [ʈ͡ʂ] -- Examples: Pol. czas voiced retroflex affricate [ɖ͡ʐ] -- Examples: Pol. dżem	voiceless palatal affricate [c͡ç] voiced palatal affricate [ɟ͡ʝ]	voiceless velar affricate [k͡x] voiced velar affricate [g͡ɣ]	voiceless uvular affricate [q͡χ] voiced uvular affricate [ɢ͡ʁ]		voiceless glottal affricate [ʔ͡h]
fricatives	voiceless bilabial fricative [p] -- Examples: Jap. fuhai voiced bilabial fricative [β]	voiceless labiodental fricative [f] -- Examples: It. fare, Eng. fan voiced labiodental fricative [v] -- Examples: It. avere, Eng. van	voiceless dental fricative [θ] -- Examples: Eng. thorn voiced dental fricative [ð] -- Examples: Eng. the	voiceless alveolar fricative [s] -- Examples: It. sasso, Eng. sun voiced alveolar fricative [z] -- Examples: It. ombroso, Eng. zebra	voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ] -- Examples: It. sciocco, Eng. shock voiced postalveolar fricative [ʒ] -- Examples: Eng. leisure, Fr. juste	voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ] voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]	voiceless palatal fricative [ç] -- Examples: Germ. ich voiced palatal fricative [ʝ] -- Examples: Icel. já	voiceless velar fricative [x] -- Examples: Germ. machen voiced velar fricative [ɣ] -- Examples: Neerl. Van Gogh	voiceless uvular fricative [χ] voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]	voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ] voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ]	voiceless glottal fricative [h] voiced glottal fricative [ɦ]
lateral fricatives				voiceless lateral alveolar fricative [ɬ] -- Examples: Gall. llwyd voiced lateral alveolar fricative [ɮ] -- Examples: Zulu. dlala
approximants	voiced bilabial approximant [β̞]	voiced labiodental approximant [ʋ] -- Examples: Sp. acabo	voiced dental approximant [ð̞] -- Examples: Sp. cerrado	voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ]	voiced postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠] -- Examples: Eng. red	voiced retroflex approximant [ɻ] -- Examples: Am. Eng. arm	voiced palatal approximant [j] -- Examples: It. ieri, Eng. you	voiced velar approximant [ɰ] -- Examples: Sp. agua	voiced uvular approximant [ʁ̞] -- Examples: Fr. parent
lateral approximants				devoiced lateral alveolar approximant [l̥] -- Examples: Icel. hlakka voiced lateral alveolar approximant [l] -- Examples: It. lampada, Eng. lamb		devoiced lateral retroflex approximant [ɭ̊] voiced lateral retroflex approximant [ɭ] -- Examples: Swed. karl	devoiced lateral palatal approximant [ʎ̥ ] voiced lateral palatal approximant [ʎ] -- Examples: It. paglia	devoiced lateral velar approximant [ʟ̥ ] voiced lateral velar approximant [ʟ]

plosives/stops	voiceless bilabial plosive [p] -- Examples: It. palla voiced bilabial plosive [b] -- Examples: It. barba		voiceless dental plosive [t̪] voiced dental plosive [d̪]	voiceless alveolar plosive [t] -- Examples: It. tana voiced alveolar plosive [d] -- Examples: It. dono	voiceless postalveolar plosive [t̠] voiced postalveolar plosive [d̠]	voiceless retroflex plosive [ʈ] -- Examples: Swed. karta voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ] -- Examples: Swed. nord	voiceless palatal plosive [c] -- Examples: Ungh. tyúk voiced palatal plosive [ɟ] -- Examples: Ungh. gyám	voiceless velar plosive [k] -- Examples: It. casa voiced velar plosive [g] -- Examples: It. gas	voiceless uvular plosive [q] -- Examples: Ar. Qur'an' voiced uvular plosive [ɢ] -- Examples: Somalian Muqdisho		voiceless glottal plosive [ʔ] -- Examples: Germ. Beachtung
	bilabials	labio-dentals	dentals	alveolars	postalveolars	retroflexes	palatals	velars	uvulars	pharyngeals	glottals
nasals	devoiced bilabial nasal [m̥] -- Examples: Icel. kempa voiced bilabial nasal [m] -- Examples: It. mamma, Eng. mum	devoiced labiodental nasal [ɱ̊] voiced labiodental nasal [ɱ] -- Examples: It. anfora		devoiced alveolar nasal [n̥] -- Examples: Icel. hnífur voiced alveolar nasal [n] -- Examples: It. nano, Eng. nun		devoiced retroflex nasal [ɳ̊] voiced retroflex nasal [ɳ] -- Examples: Swed. Vänern	devoiced palatal nasal [ɲ̊] -- Examples: Icel. banki voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] -- Examples: It. gnomo	devoiced velar nasal [ŋ̊] -- Examples: Icel. banka voiced velar nasal [ŋ] -- Examples: Eng. sing	devoiced uvular nasal [ɴ̥ ] voiced uvular nasal [ɴ] -- Examples: Jap. nihon
trills	devoiced bilabial trill [ʙ̥ ] voiced bilabial trill [ʙ]			devoiced alveolar trill [r̥] -- Examples: Icel. hraun voiced alveolar trill [r] -- Examples: It. rosso					devoiced uvular trill [ʀ̥ ] voiced uvular trill [ʀ] -- Examples: Fr. rouge
taps/flaps				voiced alveolar tap [ɾ] -- Examples: Am. Eng. splatter		voiced retroflex tap [ɽ]
affricates	voiceless bilabial affricate [p͡ɸ] voiced bilabial affricate [b͡β]	voiceless labiodental affricate [p͡f] voiced labiodental affricate [b͡v]	voiceless dental affricate [t̪͡θ] voiced dental affricate [d̪͡ð]	voiceless alveolar affricate [t͡s] -- Examples: It. pazzo voiced alveolar affricate [d͡z] -- Examples: It. mezzo	voiceless postalveolar affricate [t̠͡ʃ] -- Examples: It. marcio, Eng. chocolate voiced postalveolar affricate [d̠͡ʒ] -- Examples: It. getto, Eng. jump	voiceless retroflex affricate [ʈ͡ʂ] -- Examples: Pol. czas voiced retroflex affricate [ɖ͡ʐ] -- Examples: Pol. dżem	voiceless palatal affricate [c͡ç] voiced palatal affricate [ɟ͡ʝ]	voiceless velar affricate [k͡x] voiced velar affricate [g͡ɣ]	voiceless uvular affricate [q͡χ] voiced uvular affricate [ɢ͡ʁ]		voiceless glottal affricate [ʔ͡h]
fricatives	voiceless bilabial fricative [p] -- Examples: Jap. fuhai voiced bilabial fricative [β]	voiceless labiodental fricative [f] -- Examples: It. fare, Eng. fan voiced labiodental fricative [v] -- Examples: It. avere, Eng. van	voiceless dental fricative [θ] -- Examples: Eng. thorn voiced dental fricative [ð] -- Examples: Eng. the	voiceless alveolar fricative [s] -- Examples: It. sasso, Eng. sun voiced alveolar fricative [z] -- Examples: It. ombroso, Eng. zebra	voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ] -- Examples: It. sciocco, Eng. shock voiced postalveolar fricative [ʒ] -- Examples: Eng. leisure, Fr. juste	voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ] voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]	voiceless palatal fricative [ç] -- Examples: Germ. ich voiced palatal fricative [ʝ] -- Examples: Icel. já	voiceless velar fricative [x] -- Examples: Germ. machen voiced velar fricative [ɣ] -- Examples: Neerl. Van Gogh	voiceless uvular fricative [χ] voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]	voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ] voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ]	voiceless glottal fricative [h] voiced glottal fricative [ɦ]
lateral fricatives				voiceless lateral alveolar fricative [ɬ] -- Examples: Gall. llwyd voiced lateral alveolar fricative [ɮ] -- Examples: Zulu. dlala
approximants	voiced bilabial approximant [β̞]	voiced labiodental approximant [ʋ] -- Examples: Sp. acabo	voiced dental approximant [ð̞] -- Examples: Sp. cerrado	voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ]	voiced postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠] -- Examples: Eng. red	voiced retroflex approximant [ɻ] -- Examples: Am. Eng. arm	voiced palatal approximant [j] -- Examples: It. ieri, Eng. you	voiced velar approximant [ɰ] -- Examples: Sp. agua	voiced uvular approximant [ʁ̞] -- Examples: Fr. parent
lateral approximants				devoiced lateral alveolar approximant [l̥] -- Examples: Icel. hlakka voiced lateral alveolar approximant [l] -- Examples: It. lampada, Eng. lamb		devoiced lateral retroflex approximant [ɭ̊] voiced lateral retroflex approximant [ɭ] -- Examples: Swed. karl	devoiced lateral palatal approximant [ʎ̥ ] voiced lateral palatal approximant [ʎ] -- Examples: It. paglia	devoiced lateral velar approximant [ʟ̥ ] voiced lateral velar approximant [ʟ]

Non pulmonic consonants

bilabial [ʘ]	bilabial [ɓ]	bilabial [pʼ]	labio-dental [fʼ]
clicks	stops	ejective plosives	ejective fricatives
dental [ǀ]	dental [ɗ]	alveolar [tʼ]	alveolar [sʼ]
(post)alveolar [ǃ]	palatal [ʄ]	palatal [cʼ]	postalveolar [ʃʼ]
palato-alveolar [ǂ]	velar [ɠ]	velar [kʼ]	velar [xʼ]
lateral [ǁ]	uvular [ʛ]	uvular [qʼ]	uvular [χʼ]

bilabial [ʘ]	bilabial [ɓ]	bilabial [pʼ]	labio-dental [fʼ]
clicks	stops	ejective plosives	ejective fricatives
dental [ǀ]	dental [ɗ]	alveolar [tʼ]	alveolar [sʼ]
(post)alveolar [ǃ]	palatal [ʄ]	palatal [cʼ]	postalveolar [ʃʼ]
palato-alveolar [ǂ]	velar [ɠ]	velar [kʼ]	velar [xʼ]
lateral [ǁ]	uvular [ʛ]	uvular [qʼ]	uvular [χʼ]

voiceless labio-velar fricative [ʍ] -- Examples: Scottish. what	voiced labio-velar approximant [w] -- Examples: It. uomo, Eng. what
voiced labio-palatal approximant [ɥ] -- Examples: Fr. lui	voiceless epiglottal fricative [ʜ]
voiced epiglottal fricative [ʢ]	epiglottal stop [ʡ]
voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative [ɕ] -- Examples: Jap. shio	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative [ʑ]
voiced alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]	simultaneous ʃ and x [ɧ]

voiceless labio-velar fricative [ʍ] -- Examples: Scottish. what	voiced labio-velar approximant [w] -- Examples: It. uomo, Eng. what
voiced labio-palatal approximant [ɥ] -- Examples: Fr. lui	voiceless epiglottal fricative [ʜ]
voiced epiglottal fricative [ʢ]	epiglottal stop [ʡ]
voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative [ɕ] -- Examples: Jap. shio	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative [ʑ]
voiced alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]	simultaneous ʃ and x [ɧ]

̥ ̊	unvoiced	̤	breathy voiced	̪	dental
̬	voiced	̰	creaky voiced	̺	apical
ʰ	aspirated	̼	linguo-labial	̻	laminal
̹	more rounded	ʷ	labialisation	̃	nasalisation
̜	less rounded	ʲ	palatalisation	ⁿ	nasal release
̟	advanced	ˠ	velarisation	ˡ	lateral release
̠	retracted	ˤ	pharyngealisation	̚	unreleased
̈	centralised	̴	velarisation or pharyngealisation
̽	mid-centralised	̝	raised
̩	syllabic	̞	lowered
̯	non-syllabic	̘	advanced tongue root
˞	rhoticity	̙	retracted tongue root

_0	unvoiced	_t	breathy voiced	_d	dental
_v	voiced	_k	creaky voiced	_a	apical
_h	aspirated	_N	linguo-labial	_m	laminal
_O	more rounded	_w	labialisation	_~	nasalisation
_c	less rounded	_j	palatalisation	_n	nasal release
_+	advanced	_G	velarisation	_l	lateral release
_-	retracted	_?\	pharyngealisation	_}	unreleased
_"	centralised	_e	velarisation or pharyngealisation
_x	mid-centralised	_r	raised
=	syllabic	_o	lowered
_^	non-syllabic	_A	advanced tongue root
`	rhoticity	_q	retracted tongue root

IPA Chart

Consonants

Non pulmonic consonants

Other symbols

Vowels

Diacritics